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1.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-153434

ABSTRACT

Background: As deaths caused by HIV declines with the use of HAART, liver disease associated with co-infection of HIV with hepatotropic viruses has become an increasing cause of morbidity and mortality. Aim: To assess the effect of HIV-mono and co-infections with hepatotropic viruses on haematological and biochemical markers of the patients. Methodology: 109 HIV patients from tertiary health facilities in northeastern Nigeria were initially screened with Immuno chromatographic kit for HIV antibody and confirmed by western blot prospectively and consecutively. However, Hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody were detected on the HIV positive patients by ELISA. Blood donors served as control. The study was conducted between January and October 2012. Results: Of the HIV patients 12.8% and 4.6% had HBsAg and HCV antibody respectively. The prevalence rate of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection among males was 12.8% while females had 12.9% but lower rates of HCV were obtained in both males (5.1%) and females (3.3%). However, HIV mono-infections had higher mean baseline values for haemogblobin (Hb), CD4 and platelet counts, protein C (PC) and protein S (PS) in comparison with HIV/ HBV/HCV co-infections (P<0.05). In addition, Prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time were lower in HIV mono- infection in contrast to co-infections (P<0.05). Similarly, the mean values of Serum liver enzymes such as Aspartate transaminase (AST), Alanine transaminase (ALT), Akaline Phosphatase (ALP) and creatinine were lower in HIV mono-infection compared with HIV/HBV or HIV/HCV co-infection (P<0.05). Total white blood cell count (WBC), total cholesterol (TCH), Random blood sugar (RBS) and potassium (K+) were not significantly different (P>0.05) in both groups. Conclusion: Co-infections of HIV and hepatotropic viruses do occur. Haematological and biochemical parameters serve as pointers for early detection of liver disease in HIV patients. The development of novel therapeutic approaches to impede co-infection of HIV and hepatotropic viruses is encouraged.

2.
Rev. méd. Urug ; 25(1): 5-13, mar. 2009. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-512501

ABSTRACT

Objetivos: evaluar el rendimiento de la mamografía diagnóstica en el Centro de Diagnóstico Mamario (CENDIMA) de la Asociación Española. Material y método: se calculó el valor predictivo positivo, la tasa de detección de cáncer, elporcentaje de cáncer mínimo, el tamaño promedio del cáncer invasor, el porcentaje de axila negativa y el porcentaje de cánceres en estadios 0 y I.Se comparan los resultados con parámetros de referencia aportados por el Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium (BCSC). Resultados: el valor predictivo positivo (VPP) de todas las mamografías positivas (BI-RADS 4y 5) fue de 62% (por encima del P90 según la base de datos del BCSC).El VPP de todas las biopsias efectivamente realizadas fue de 55% ( P75 a P90). La tasa de detección de cáncer fue de 9 cánceres /1.000 (< P10). El porcentaje de cáncer mínimo fue de 36% (P25 a P50). Se diagnosticaron 130 cánceres invasores y el tamaño promedio de los mismos fue de 19 mm (P25 a P50). El porcentaje de axila negativa fue de 72% (P50 a P75).El porcentaje de cánceres en estadio 0, y estadio I fue de 61% ( P50).Conclusiones: los parámetros medidos indican que el rendimiento del CENDIMA, en cuanto al diagnóstico del cáncer mamario, está en concordancia con la mayoría de los centros dediagnóstico mamario de Estados Unidos.La tasa de detección de cáncer es baja para un centro de diagnóstico, lo cual se debe a que predominan netamente en la población estudiada mujeres sin sintomatología.


Objective: to evaluate the performance of diagnostic mammography at the ôCentro de Diagnóstico Mamario(CENDIMA) of the Asociación Españolaõ.Method: we calculated the positive predictive value, cancer detection rate, cancer minimum percentage, averagesize of the invading cancer, negative axilla percentage and percentages for stages 0 and I. Results were compared to reference parameters providedby the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium (BCSC). Results: positive predictive value of all positive mammographies BI-RADS 4 and 5 was 62% (over P90 according to the BCSC database). Positive predictive value of all biopsies actually performed was 55% (P75 to P90). Cancer detection rate was 9 /1,000 (< P10). Minimum percentage was 36% (P25 to P50).130 invasive cancer cases were diagnosed, average size was 10 mm (P25 a P50). Negative axilla percentage was 72% (P50 to P75). Stage 0 and stage I cancer percentage was 61% (P50). Conclusions: parameters found indicate CENDIMAÆs performance, in terms of breast cancer, agrees with mostcenters for breast diagnosis in the United States. Cancer detection rate is low for a diagnosis center, due to the fact that the population studied is mainly comprised of asymptomatic women.


Objetivos: avaliar o rendimento da mamografia diagnóstica no Centro de Diagnóstico Mamário (CENDIMA) daAsociación Española. Material e método: o valor de predição positivo, a taxade detecção de câncer, a porcentagem de câncer mínimo, o tamanho médio do câncer invasor, a porcentagem de axilanegativa e a porcentagem de cânceres em estádios 0 e I foram calculados e comparados com os parâmetros de referencia do Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium (BCSC). Resultados: o valor de predição positivo (VPP) de todas as mamografias positivas (BI-RADS 4 e 5) foi de 62%(superior ao P90 segundo a base de dados do BCSC). O VPP de todas as biopsias efetivamente realizadas foide 55% ( P75 a P90). La taxa de detecção de câncer foi de 9 cânceres /1.000 (< P10). A porcentagem de câncer mínimo foi de 36% (P25 a P50). Foram diagnosticados 130 cânceres invasores e o tamanho médio dos mesmos foi 19 mm (P25 a P50). A porcentagem de axila negativa foi de 72% (P50 a P75). A porcentagem de cânceres em estádio 0 e estádio I foi de 61% ( P50).Conclusões: os parâmetros medidos indicam que o rendimento do CENDIMA, no que diz respeito ao diagnósticodo câncer mamário, é similar ao da maioria dos centros de diagnóstico mamário de Estados Unidos. A taxa de detecção de câncer é baixa para um centro de diagnóstico, devido ao predomínio de mulheres semsintomatologia na população estudada.


Subject(s)
Medical Audit , Mammography , Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis
3.
West Indian med. j ; 56(1): 11-16, Jan. 2007.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-471844

ABSTRACT

Parched and ground whole garden slugs are claimed in rural Jamaican folklore practices to have useful effects in the treatment of bronchial asthma. Since this claim may be associated with respiratory dysfunction due to histamine from allergic sensitization, the authors investigated the effects of a semi-pure alcoholic extract (AST-1) on histamine-induced contraction of the guinea pig in vitro tracheal muscle preparation and cutaneous allergic responses in ovalbumin sensitized guinea pigs. Chemical analysis of AST-1 by column chromatography and thin layer chromatography indicated two compounds in the composition, but the molecular structures were not determined Pharmacological evaluation of AST-1 produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of histamine-induced contraction of the guinea pig tracheal muscle preparation. AST-1 also inhibited contraction of the tracheal muscle produced by selective H1 receptor stimulation with HTMT dimaleate. H2 receptors were not involved, as indicated by the absence of contraction with dimaprit hydrochloride, a selective H2 agonist. Also, in ovalbumin sensitized guinea pigs, AST-1 and diphenhydramine, a selective H1 antagonist, inhibited the cutaneous responses due to intradermal injection of histamine and ovalbumin. These results suggest that AST-1 has H1 anti-histamine properties which can inhibit histamine-induced tracheobronchial muscle contraction and cutaneous responses due to allergy.


En el contexto de las prácticas folclóricas de la Jamaica rural, se afirma que las babosas de jardín tostadas y molidas, tienen efectos útiles en el tratamiento del asma bronquial. Como que esta afirmación puede estar asociada con una disfunción respiratoria debida a la histamina de la sensibilización alérgica, los autores se dieron a la tarea de investigar los efectos de un extracto alcohólico semi-puro (AST-1) sobre la contracción inducida por histamina de un preparado in vitro de músculo de tráquea de cobayo, y las respuestas cutáneas alérgicas en cobayos sensibilizados con ovalbúmina. El análisis químico de AST-1 mediante cromatografía en columna y cromatografía en capa fina, indicaron dos compuestos en la composición, pero no se determinaron las estructuras moleculares. La evaluación farmacológica de AST-1 produjo una inhibición ­ dependiente de la concentración ­ de la contracción, inducida por histamina, del preparado de músculo de tráquea de cobayo. El AST-1 también inhibió la contracción del músculo traqueal producida por la estimulación de receptor selectivo H1 con dimaleato de HTMT. No se involucraron receptores H2, como lo indicó la ausencia de contracción con hidrocloruro de dimaprit ­ un agonista selectivo H2. Asimismo, en cobayos sensibilizados con ovalbúmina, el AST-1 y la difenidramina ­ un antagonista selectivo H1 ­ inhibieron las respuestas cutáneas debido a la inyección intradérmica de histamina y ovalbúmina. Estos resultados sugieren que el AST-1 tiene propiedades antihestamínicas H1, las cuales pueden inhibir la contracción muscular traqueobronquial inducida por la histamina y las reacciones cutáneas debido a la alergia


Subject(s)
Male , Histamine H1 Antagonists/pharmacology , Muscle Contraction/drug effects , Biological Factors/pharmacology , Gastropoda , Medicine, Traditional , Animals , Guinea Pigs , Chromatography, Thin Layer , Jamaica , Trachea/drug effects , Trachea/physiology
4.
West Indian med. j ; 55(1): 4-8, Jan. 2006. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-472679

ABSTRACT

Choline is important for the synthesis of acetylcholine, an integral neurotransmitter involved in memory formation. In order to investigate the effect of choline supplementation on memory consolidation, the study utilized a T-maze to facilitate passive avoidance learning and memory in young female Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were placed in two groups; choline-supplemented that received choline chloride daily for two weeks, and control that received vehicle daily for two weeks. Rats were evaluated to determine their ability to avoid an aversive electric foot-shock (0.1 mA at 60V) when they characteristically entered the preferred dark area (DA) of the T-maze. Both groups of rats showed preference, without significant difference, for entry into DA of the T-maze. However, fifteen minutes after passive avoidance both choline supplemented and control rats avoided entry into DA. This display of DA avoidance 15 minutes after training, suggests that both groups of rats had acquired short-term memory of the aversive stimulus. However, when the test was repeated 24 hours after training, the control group did not avoid entry into DA, whereas the choline-supplemented group either avoided entry or entered after a significantly longer latency period (p < 0.01). These results suggest that supplementation with choline facilitated the consolidation of short-term memory of the avoidance learning into intermediate long-term memory in young rats.


La colina es importante para la síntesis de la acetilcolina – un neurotransmisor integral que participa en la formación de la memoria. Para investigar el efecto de la suplementación con colina en la consolidación de la memoria, el estudio utilizó un laberinto T para facilitar la memoria y el aprendizaje de evitación pasiva en ratas hembras jóvenes Sprague-Dawley. Las ratas fueron colocadas en dos grupos: uno que recibió cloruro de colina diariamente por espacio de dos semanas, y uno de control que recibió vehículo diariamente por dos semanas. Las ratas fueron evaluadas a fin de determinar su habilidad para evitar un choque eléctrico aversivo (0.1mA a 60V) cuando entraban característicamente a la preferida área oscura (AO) del laberinto en T. Ambos grupos de ratas mostraron preferencia – sin diferencia significativa – por entrar en el área oscura del laberinto en T. Sin embargo, quince minutos después de la evitación pasiva, tanto las ratas que recibieron la suplementación con colina como las ratas de control, evitaban entrar al área oscura. El hecho de que se observe la evitación del área oscura15 minutos después del entrenamiento, sugiere que ambos grupos de ratas habían adquirido una memoria a corto plazo del estímulo aversivo. Sin embargo, cuando la prueba se repitió 24 horas después del entrenamiento, el grupo de control no evitó el entrar al AO, mientras que el grupo que recibió el complemento de colina, o evitó entrar o entró luego de un período de latencia significativamente más largo (P < 0.01). Por lo tanto, estos resultados sugieren por consiguiente que la suplementación con colina facilitó la consolidación de la memoria a corto plazo del aprendizaje de la evitación, y su transformación en memoria a largo plazo en las ratas jóvenes.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Rats , Avoidance Learning/drug effects , Choline/pharmacology , Memory, Short-Term/drug effects , Dietary Supplements , Age Factors , Time Factors , Memory/drug effects , Rats, Sprague-Dawley
5.
West Indian med. j ; 54(2): 102-106, Mar. 2005.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-410042

ABSTRACT

In this study, six groups of rats were fed as follows: Groups 1 and 2 were fed formulated diets supplemented with zinc or without zinc respectively. Groups 3 and 4 were fed formulated diets supplemented with zinc plus phytic acid extracted from sweet potato (Ipomea batatas) or commercial phytic acid respectively. Groups 5 and 6 were fed formulated diets supplemented with phytic acid extract from sweet potato or commercial phytic acid respectively. The animals were fed for three weeks and then sacrificed The activities of key enzymes of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism as well as transaminases in the liver were determined. Blood glucose level was also assessed. Phytic acid extract consumption from sweet potato and commercial phytic acid plus zinc supplement lowered blood glucose levels. There was no significant change in the activity of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase among the groups. Similarly, phytic acid supplementation showed no significant decrease in the activity of pyruvate kinase compared to the group fed formulated diets. There was a significant increase in the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the groups fed phytic extract from sweet potato compared to the other groups. The activities of malic enzyme and ATP-citrate lyase in this study were not significantly altered among the groups. There is a lowering of blood glucose levels which is desirable for diabetics who consume sweet potato diets. The changes in some of the hepatic metabolic enzymes are geared towards compensating for the decreased glycolytic responses


En este estudio, se alimentaron seis grupos de ratas de la forma que a continuación se describe. Los grupos 1 y 2 fueron alimentados con dietas formuladas con o sin suplemento de zinc respectivamente. Los grupos 3 y 4 fueron alimentados con dietas formuladas con suplemento de zinc más ácido fítico extraído del boniato (Ipomea batatas) o el ácido fítico comercial respectivamente. Los grupos 5 y 6 fueron alimentados con dietas formuladas con suplemento de extracto de ácido fítico del boniato o ácido fítico comercial respectivamente. Los animales fueron alimentados durante tres semanas y luego sacrificados. Se determinó la actividad de las enzimas claves del metabolismo de carbohidratos y lípidos, así como las transaminasas en el hígado. Asimismo se evaluó el nivel de glucosa en sangre. El consumo de extracto de ácido fítico del boniato y el ácido fítico comercial más el suplemento de zinc, diminuyeron los niveles de glucosa en sangre. No hubo cambios significativos en la actividad de la 6-fosfogluconato deshidrogenasa entre los grupos. De modo similar, la suplementación con ácido fítico no mostró una disminución significativa de la actividad de la piruvato kinasa en comparación con el grupo alimentado con dietas formuladas. Sin embargo, hubo un aumento significativo en la actividad de la glucosa-6-fosfato deshidrogenasa en los grupos alimentados con extracto fítico de boniato en comparación con los otros grupos. No hubo alteración significativa de las actividades de la enzima málica y la ATP-citrato liasa en este estudio. Hay una disminución de los niveles de glucosa en sangre, deseable para los diabéticos que consumen dietas de boniato. Los cambios en algunas de las enzimas metabólicas hepáticas están encaminados a compensar la disminución de las respuestas glicolíticas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Male , Female , Liver/drug effects , Blood Glucose/metabolism , Gluconeogenesis/drug effects , Lipids/metabolism , Transaminases/metabolism , Phytic Acid/pharmacology , Food, Formulated , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Liver/enzymology , Gluconeogenesis/physiology , Body Weight/drug effects , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Animal Feed , Zinc/pharmacology
6.
West Indian med. j ; 37(2): 100-5, June 1988. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-77950

ABSTRACT

The extent of blood glucose increase produced by products of cassava and wheat flour were compared in experiments performed in cars and rats. In normal anaesthetized cats, a meal of 500 mg grated cassava preparations produced a mean maximum blood glucose increase which is 200% less than the mean maximum blood glucose increase produced bu a meal of 500 mg wheat flour preparation. In diabetic rats, a 20 gm homogenous mixture, consisting of 50% cassava bammy and 50%rat chow that was eaten within a 24-hour period, produced a mean blood glucose increase produced by a 20 gm homogeneous mixture, consisting of 50% wheat flour bread and 50% rat chow and eaten over a similar period of time. The lower glucaemic responses of the cassava preparations therefore represent significant advantages over wheat flour preparations, for its (cassava preparation) inclusion in the diet of the diabetic


Subject(s)
Cats , Rats , Animals , Plants, Edible , Diet, Diabetic , Blood Glucose/analysis , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/diet therapy
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